// This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it // I do not represent the EFF // This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it //
http://www.strassmann.com/pubs/anon-remail.html
Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government
Information Infrastructure Project
Symposium on the Global Information Infrastructure:
Information, Policy & International Infrastructure
Cambridge, MA, January 28-30, 1996
Risk-Free Access Into The
Global Information Infrastructure
Via Anonymous Re-Mailers
by Paul A. Strassmann, US Military Academy, West Point; and Senior
Advisor, SAIC and William Marlow, Senior Vice President, Science
Applications International Corporation (SAIC)
Quoted portions are excerpted from Raph Levien's Remailer List.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Context
By far the greatest threat to the commercial, economic and political
viability of the Global Information Infrastructure will come from
information terrorists. Information terrorism has ceased to be an amateur
effort and has migrated into the hands of well organized, highly trained
expert professionals. Information terrorist attacks can be expected to
become a decisive element of any combined threat to the economic and social
integrity of the international community. Nations whose life-line becomes
increasingly dependent on information networks should realize that there is
no sanctuary from information-based assaults. Commercial organizations,
especially in telecommunications, finance, transportation and power
generation offer choice targets to massive disruption.
Information terrorism, as a particularly virulent form of information
warfare, is a unique phenomenon in the history of warfare and crime. For the
last two hundred years the theory of warfare has been guided by
"force-exchange" equations in which the outcome was determined by the rate
of attrition of each opposing force. In information attacks these equations
do not apply because the attacker remains hidden and cannot be retaliated
against.
Since biblical times, crimes have been deterred by the prospects of
punishment. For that, the criminal had to be apprehended. Yet information
crimes have the unique characteristic that apprehension is impossible, since
even identification of the criminal is not feasible. Information crimes can
be committed easily without leaving any telltale evidence such as
fingerprints, traces of poison or bullets.
Changes Introduced By Anonymous Re-Mailers
The introduction of Anonymous Re-mailers into the Internet has altered the
capacity to balance attack and counter-attack, or crime and punishment. The
widespread use and easy access to acquiring the capacity to launch anonymous
messages and software has so far not received adequate attention from a
policy and legal standpoint. This topic is sufficiently technical that it
has been largely avoided by experts who have so far concentrated on debating
social, legal, political and economic consequences of the Global Information
Infrastructure. Yet, unless there is a thorough understanding of the
technologies that make the Anonymous Re-mailers sources of a pathological
danger, there is little hope that effective preventive measures and
safeguards can be put in place.
In many respects, the avoidance of technical discussions about some of the
pathological aspects of the Internet remind me of the state of medical
diagnosis prior to the recognition that bacteriology, prophylactics and
inoculation can be only applied following the acceptance of rigorous,
analytic and experimental disciplines.
Our Agenda
The purpose of this paper is to bring to the attention of policy-makers some
of the relevant facts about Anonymous Re-mailers. All of the material quoted
here comes from public sources which are easily accessible to anyone. The
wide-spread current uses of Anonymous Re-mailers should be sufficient
warning that this topic cannot be considered any more as something hidden,
confidential or inappropriate for public discussion.
We find many similarities in the initial denials to the threats from AIDS by
the medical and public health establishment. We are dismayed by the
avoidance of a candid assessment by public officials about the vulnerability
of the Global Information Infrastructure to destructive information
epidemics. The purpose of this paper is to increase the awareness of
potentially deadly risks that may inhibit the potential gains from the
creation of a global information community.
What Is A Re-Mailer?
A re-mailer allows anyone to post messages to newsgroups or to individuals
while remaining anonymous. The identity of the sender is hidden from the
recipient and remains practically untraceable.
An anonymous re-mailer is a program that runs on a computer somewhere on the
Internet. When you send mail to the re-mailer address, the re-mailer takes
your name and your address off of the mail message and forwards it to its
next destination. The recipient gets mail that has no evidence of where it
originally came from, at least not in the headers. You might give away your
secret identity in the body of the message, but that would be the sender's
own fault.
Anonymous re-mailers can be "chained" so that a message is passed on from
one anonymous re-mailer to another, in two or more separate anonymous "hops"
as a way of making physical tracing or monitoring increasingly difficult.
One of the most prominent anonymous re-mailers is <anon.penet.fi> is in
Finland. It is frequently used by the Russian (ex-KGB) criminal element.
<Anon.penet.fi> assigns a numeric identification to each address from which
it receives mail. Internet recipients can reply to that secret number.
<anon.penet.fi> will also assign to them another anonymous number, and then
forward the reply. This creates a double-blind situation where two people
could have an ongoing exchange and never know who the other person was. This
method of communication is favorite for engaging services of cybercriminals
and for authorizing payment for their acts through a third party.
<Anon.penet.fi> can be also used to post a message to Usenet as well. The
message can be read by thousands of people, and anyone can send an anonymous
reply to the secret Finnish identity. The readers of this paper can easily
avail themselves of these services without any special training. Detailed
instructions for the use of a remailer service are usually included in the
"help" software posted in the remailer's files. For example:
To get an anonymous re-mailer address follow the following
instruction. First, you should send mail to: < This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it >.
You'll get back a nice help file automatically. Next, send mail to
< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it >. This will allocate your number--from now on
you'll be something like < This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it >, where XXXXXX is
your number. Once you have received your anonymous address you can
use it like your normal e-mail address
. These capabilities are not trivial, but a source of an exhaustive body of
software and communications know-how which can be learned best by consulting
one of the many tutorials about this topic, such as<ftp.csua.berkeley.edu:
/pub/cypherpunks/re-mailer/hal's.remailer.gz>:
Cyberpunk re-mailers allow a person to send mail with no trace of identity.
To use a re-mailer simply do the following:
* Add the header Request-Remailing-To: and sending to one of the
addresses listed below. These headers must be typed in exactly. Mail
without these headers is either rejected or delivered to the re-mailer
administrators.
* If you cannot add the required headers, place two colons (::) on the
very first line of your message, then on the next line type
Request-Remailing-To: and the address you want to send anonymously to.
* Skip a line, and then begin the message. By using this method you can
send the message through more than one re-mailer which will certainly
ensure that it will be anonymous.
* Many re-mailers only allow one recipient per message. A number of
standard Cyberpunk Re-mailers are available.
There is a wealth of easily accessible step-by-step instructional material
available on the Internet how to use re-mailers and how to evade
countermeasures or possibility of detection from any source. Re-mailer
operators are in frequent contact with each other and exhibit many of the
fraternal habits that previously were shared between amateur radio
operators. Some of the most interesting sources of information are:
AndrZ Bacard's anonymous re-mailer FAQ is an excellent nontechnical
introduction.
For a different take on Net anonymity, see L.Detweiler's home page.
Tools
* Private Idaho is an anonymous re-mailer utility for Windows
, supporting PGP, the cypherpunks re-mailers, and Mixmaster, and the <alpha.c2.org>
alias server. It too automatically configures itself based on this
re-mailer list.
* <ChainMail> is a re-mailer chaining utility for Mac
users, by Jonathan Rochkind. To use it, you need Eudora, MacPGP, and applescript, in
addition to a number of applescript scripting additions.
* <Privtool> is a PGP-aware mailer that also supports Mixmaster.
* The Community ConneXion has put the Web-premail gateway on its SSL
server. That means that you can send anonymous email from the Web
without exposing your message in the clear on the connection between
your Web browser and the gateway.
* Sameer Parekh's NEXUS Berkeley / Community ConneXion has a web page set
up for sending anonymous mail from your Web client.
* Michael Hobbs has set up Web gateway to premail. Now you can send
anonymous email directly from your Web browser. Don't use this for
extremely sensitive stuff, though, because it isn't quite as secure as
running premail yourself (in particular, the connection between your
Web browser and the gateway is not encrypted).
* A good source for re-mailer information is the Anonymity, re-mailers,
and your privacy page compiled by "Galactus". This is also the best
place to look for information about anon.penet.fi.
* Matt Ghio's re-mailer list is available by fingering
This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it . This file also has all the
public keys for PGP-friendly re-mailers. Matt also has a pinging
service similar to this one, available by fingering
This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .
* Chaos is having problems getting recognized on the Net. Try
This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it and see if that works any better.
Newer information can be gotten by sending mail to
mg5n+ This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .
* Help for the Alpha alias server (also available in a plain email
version. This is the best way to create an alias for anonymous replies
to mail. Not only is it the most cryptographically secure, but you get
to pick the alias nickname of your choice. The email addresses are of
the form < This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it >. Highly recommended.
* Usura's home page has a bunch of re-mailer related stuff on it,
including a help page on chaining re-mailers.
* The Armadillo re-mailer now has its own Web page.
* Crown re-mailer help and statistics.
* Ecafe re-mailer has its own Web page, including quickie info about how
to use the re-mailer without encryption or any other extras.
Other resources
* You want to send secure mail to someone, but don't know their key.
Where are you going to get it? Try the keyserver at MIT.
* Vince Cate's Cryptorebel and Cypherpunk page has pointers to lots of
cypherpunk resources.
* John Perry's jpunix page has info on his MX service for hidden
re-mailers, as well as cool links for Mixmaster and other stuff.
* Lance Cottrell's home page, which has his Chain script, the Mixmaster
re-mailer client (including Sun binaries!) as well as other cypberpunk
related topics.
* Vince Gambino's re-mailer page has a good collection of re-mailer help
files.
Where Do You Find Re-Mailers?
Computers that offer remailing capabilities are operated by individuals or
organizations as a public service, almost always at no charge because it
costs so little to set one up. They are available globally. We offer a
partial list of re-mailers:
$remailer{"extropia"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk pgp
special";
$remailer{"portal"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk pgp hash";
$remailer{"alumni"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk pgp hash";
$remailer{"bsu-cs"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk hash ksub";
$remailer{"c2"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > eric pgp hash reord";
$remailer{"penet"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > penet post";
$remailer{"ideath"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk hash
ksub reord";
$remailer{"hacktic"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk mix pgp
hash latent cut post ek";
$remailer{"flame"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk mix pgp.
hash latent cut post ek reord";
$remailer{"rahul"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk pgp hash filter";
$remailer{"mix"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk mix pgp
hash latent cut ek ksub reord ?";
$remailer{"syrinx"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk pgp hash cut reord
mix post";
$remailer{"ford"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk pgp hash
ksub";
$remailer{"hroller"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk pgp hash latent
ek";
$remailer{"vishnu"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk mix pgp.
hash latent cut ek ksub reord";
$remailer{"robo"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk hash mix";
$remailer{"replay"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk mix pgp hash
latent cut post ek";
$remailer{"spook"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk mix
pgp hash latent cut ek reord";
$remailer{"rmadillo"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > mix cpunk pgp
hash latent cut";
$remailer{"ecafe"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk mix";
$remailer{"wmono"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk mix pgp.
hash latent cut ek";
$remailer{"shinobi"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk mix
hash latent cut ek reorder";
$remailer{"amnesia"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk mix pgp
hash latent cut ek ksub";
$remailer{"gondolin"} = "< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > cpunk mix pgp
hash latent cut ek reord";
$remailer{'alpha'} = '< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > alpha pgp';
$remailer{'gondonym'} = '< This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it > alpha pgp';
Much of the knowledge about the characteristics of these
re-mailers is available from < This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it >
Role Of Encryption
For added protection, users of Anonymous Re-mailers tend to encrypt their
messages just in case one of the remailing links are compromised. PGP
(Pretty Good Privacy) encryption is favored because it is freely available
and easy to use. A typical digital signature would look like this:
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
Version: 2.6.2
iQCVAwUBMPDy4WV5hLjHqWbdAQEqYwQAm+o313Cm2ebAsMiPIwmd1WwnkPXEaYe9
pGR5ja8BKSZQi4TAEQOQwQJaghI8QqZFdcctVYLm569I1/8ah0qyJ+4fOfUiAMda
Sa2nvJR7pnr6EXrUFe1QoSauCASP/QRYcKgB5vaaOOuxyXnQfdK39AqaKy8lPYbw
MfUiYaMREu4=
=9CJW
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
For responses the sender will choose a passphrase. This phrase will be used
to encrypt messages sent back to you. The encryption will be single-key
encryption, not PGP's normal public-private key encryption. The reason for
this is that public key encryption is usually not necessary in such cases.
Single-key encryption does not require a database (such as in the widely
used <anon.penet.fi> database for mapping aliases onto addresses), thus
increasing the security of communications among anonymous users.
When a recipient responds to the e-mail, his response will be encrypted with
the sender's pass-phrase. The sender can read the response by saving it to a
file and using PGP on it. PGP will ask for the passphrase, enter the
sender's reply, which will make it possible for the recipient to see the
response to the e-mail. This feature allows both parties to be securely
encrypted, protecting privacy and anonymity in both directions.
How Reliable Are The Re-Mailers?
The knowledge about the characteristics, reliability and trustworthiness of
re-mailers is widely distributed through various bulletin boards. These are
consulted by persons deeply immersed in Internet-related developments. There
is an agile and very active global community that keeps track of the average
latency time, uptime of frequently used re-mailers. They post their
findings, which in many cases is superior to what a commercial customer is
likely to find out about their own data center performance, or about the
service quality offered by Compuserve, America-On-Line of Prodigy. Here is
an excerpt from such a bulletin:
hacktic This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it **** ******* 7:10 99.85%
c2 This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it -.-++ ++-.-+ 2:10:42 99.83%
rmadillo This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it +++++ ++++++ 37:03 99.69%
flame This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it ** * ******* 14:55 99.64%
mix This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it _ _-__...-++ 17:40:48 99.21%
amnesia This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it -+ +--+--- 2:04:43 99.20%
ecafe This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it ## ##-## #-- 1:26:54 99.06%
extropia This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .- -.----_. 13:48:11 99.04%
replay This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it + +** ***** 5:36 98.84%
shinobi This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it -- -- - - + 54:43 98.78%
spook This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it * ***** - * 35:07 98.36%
vishnu This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it ** #-*# 7:44 98.20%
bsu-cs This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it # # ##.# 28:07 97.78%
gondolin This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it - --_.---- 9:45:55 97.62%
wmono This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it ** * * 12:23 97.57%
hroller This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it #*+### -.. # 1:37:24 96.71%
ford This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it ._...--._. 21:21:22 95.83%
portal This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it ########*# 27:36 95.55%
alumni This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it # # * + 25:47 95.29%
penet This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it . -- -- 13:55:20 87.78%
rahul This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it +* *+**+* # 4:34 93.71%
robo This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it #-## 5:59 27.86%
History key
# response in less than 5 minutes.
* response in less than 1 hour.
+ response in less than 4 hours.
- response in less than 24 hours.
. response in less than 2 days.
Specialization Of Services
The operators of various re-mailers are specialized in that they cater to
select communities of Internet dwellers. They offer unique services to
customers who are seeking different degrees of anonymity. Cognoscenti in the
field can readily identify remailers who offer meets diffferent tastes and
preferences. Here is an example of remailer characterizations:
<cpunk> A major class of remailers. Supports Request-Remailing-To:
field.
<eric> A variant of the cpunk style. Uses Anon-Send-To: instead.
<penet> The third class of remailers (at least for right now).
Uses X-Anon-To: in the header.
<pgp> Remailer supports encryption with PGP. A period after the
keyword means that the short name, rather than the full email
address, should be used as the encryption key ID.
<hash> Supports ## pasting, so anything can be put into the
headers of outgoing messages.
<ksub> Re-mailer always kills subject header, even in non-pgp
mode.
<nsub> Re-mailer always preserves subject header, even in pgp
mode.
<latent> Supports Matt Ghio's Latent-Time: option.
<cut> Supports Matt Ghio's Cutmarks: option.
<post> Post to Usenet using Post-To: or Anon-Post-To: header.
<ek> Encrypt responses in reply blocks using Encrypt-Key: header.
<special> Accepts only pgp encrypted messages.
<mix> Can accept messages in Mixmaster format.
<reord> Claims to foil traffic analysis by reordering messages.
<mon> Re-mailer has been known to monitor contents of private
email.
<filter> Re-mailer has been known to filter messages based on
content. If not listed in conjunction with <mon>, then only
messages destined for public
<alpha> Supports nyms according to the protocol used by
alpha.c2.org. This list will be featuring reliability and latency
measurements soon for these nymservers.
A fascinating example of specialization is a re-mailer service advertising
the capacity to defeat "traffic analysis" used by intelligence agencies. All
mail to each destination is first sent through <remail@sitename> which is a
standard "cypherpunk" re-mailer with PGP with a few added features. The
outgoing mail is not forwarded immediately upon receipt. Outgoing messages
are stored in a pool until five minutes after each hour, when all messages
in the pool are re-transmitted in a random order, ignoring the order in
which they came in. Each message from the re-mailer is sent through a random
path of other re-mailers in the re-mailernet. This usually involves between
five to 20 "hops" from one re-mailer to another. In each case care is taken
for at least one of the "hops" to be in a country with especially relaxed
laws concerning electronic messages. Such measures would greatly complicate
any tracing that may be contemplated by a law-enforcement agency.
Why Re-Mailers?
E-mail is as fast and casual as a voice phone call, but can be stored and
retrieved with infinitely greater efficiency than paper letters or taped
conversations. An e-mail message can be re-broadcast the world over, by
anyone who comes across a copy of the transmission. Parts of any message can
be extracted, edited and easily modified. Meanwhile, the e-mail address of
the originator remains a label of its origin. If the storage of that message
is not protected - and it rarely is - it can be accessed by anyone who takes
the trouble to rummage through any of the many archived computer records
that may have received such message. A casual e-mail exchange, with an
identifying address, can be then used to compromise the originator. As
e-mail traffic takes over an ever increasing share of personal
communications, inspection of e-mail traffic can yield more comprehensive
evidence than just about any wire-tapping efforts. E-mail-tapping is less
expensive, more thorough and less forgiving than any other means for
monitoring personal communications. Without protection of privacy, browsing
through e-mail archives would become the preferred way for gathering
evidence in law enforcement cases. It would also be used as the favorite
means for collecting incriminating statements by lawyers engaged in civil
litigation.
In casual e-mail exchanges it is easy to make an error. When the message is
archived it could be used to haunt a person for decades afterwards. A
message intended for a particular individual may be passed on to hundreds or
even thousands of others. Unless its origin is anonymous, all e-mail can be
traced through identifying addresses that preserve the name of the
originator - as well as the names of those who forwarded it - wherever the
message traversed. Unless a message is handled anonymously, a trace is left
about everyone who received it or passed it on. It would be like a letter
that not only identifies the name and address of its author, but also
fingerprints of anyone who ever touched it.
It is one of the fundamental strengths of the Internet that it offers an
almost universal capacity for free expression of ideas. A person's opinions
can be sent anywhere in the world in a matter of minutes, with the
originator's name displayed at the top. Is it consistent with the rights to
individual privacy and freedom of expression to have one's name clearly
associated with a message than may be easily disseminated to unintended
recipients?
The issues here are the rights to the freedom of speech and to the rights to
personal privacy. Having the right to free speech may work well in the case
of verbal expression, but it may cease to have its intended purpose in face
of retaliation that may take place decades later. In a system that
theoretically can have infinitely large memory and indefinitely long
remembrance, the freedom of expression and become abused and perverted by a
government that does not respect individual rights.
With the widespread acceptance of Internet-mediated communications it was
recognized that the simplest way of securing privacy is through anonymity.
That's how anonymous re-mailers came into being. Given the technical
characteristics of Internet, there is nothing to prevent anyone to set up a
private (or public) anonymous remailing service. Any attempt to prohibit or
regulate the use of anonymous re-mailers is technically unfeasible. In a
democratic society it becomes politically unacceptable to suppress remailers
as potential sources of criminal acts. Such absolute prohibitions would
never pass through a legislative process in a free society.
Conclusion
Anonymous re-mailers are here to stay. Like in the case of many virulent
diseases, there is very little a free society can do to prohibit travel or
exposure to sources of infection. The best one can do is to start treating
the pathologies inherent in the Internet in the same way as we have learned
to deal with infectious epidemics. That calls for constructing new
institutions and processes that are analogues to inoculation, immunization,
prophylactics, clean water supply, sewers, hygiene, early detection of
outbreaks of diseases, quarantine, the offices of health examiners, the
Center of Disease Control and the World Health Organization.
The introduction of most of these restrictive means, imposed mostly by
government, were often opposed by those who saw in public health injunctions
infringement of individual rights. In due course an informed electorate
found it expedient to accept most of the sanitary measures for disease
control a bargain that was well worth it.
The history of public health teaches us that suppression of any disease must
be preceded by a thorough understanding of its behavior, its method of
transmission and how it creates its own ecology. As in the case of smallpox,
yellow fever, flu epidemics, AIDS or malaria, it will take disasters before
the public may accept that some forms of restrictions on the electronic
freedom of speech and privacy may be worthwhile.
It was the purpose of this paper to explain the characteristics of anonymous
remailers as one of the potential sources of infectious threats to the
well-being of our information-based civilization. We trust that this will be
seen as a useful contribution to an already raging debate of how to find a
balance between the desirable and the dangerous.
This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it and This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it will be pleased to
respond to identifiable commentators on the points of view expressed herein
